https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/2026-11-14weekly1.0 https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/og-map.jpgSalomon (Solomon) Winter of Ozorków: an interactive map of Zionism, Łódź and Ozorków https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/committee-1600.webpOzorków election committee for the 16th Zionist Congress, 30 June 1929 https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/winter-portrait.webpSalomon Winter, 1929 https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/ozorkow-market.webpOzorków before 1900: the market square with its church and low houses. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/ozorkow-palace.webpThe Schlösser family's villa in Ozorków in 1902, with its garden fence. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/oz-schlosser.webpPortrait of Friedrich Mathias Schlösser, an elderly man in a dark coat. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/oz-scheibler.webpThe nineteenth-century Scheibler villa seen down Listopadowa Street in Ozorków. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/oz-listopadowa.webpListopadowa Street in Ozorków, a street of two-storey houses leading to a church tower. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/oz-bzura-mill.webpA brick watermill among trees on the Bzura river at Ozorków. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/shekel-1935.webpA printed Zionist shekel certificate for the 19th Zionist Congress of 1935, in Hebrew, with the stamp of the Revisionist Zionists' branch in Sosnowiec, Poland. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/jnf-box-1929.webpA blue-and-white Jewish National Fund collection box, the "blue box", photographed in 1929. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/tarbut-poster.webpA 1930s Hebrew and Polish poster for the Tarbut schools, with children reaching toward a figure in a sunrise. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/hechalutz-tykocin.webpYoung members of the Hechalutz pioneer movement in Tykocin, 1931, standing in two rows outdoors. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/lodz-factory.webpA large brick woollen mill in Łódź in 1896, with a tall chimney and rows of windows. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/lodz-piotrkowska.webpShoppers at the windows of a bookshop on Piotrkowska Street in Łódź, 1935. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/lodz-great-synagogue.webpThe Great Synagogue of Łódź on Kościuszko Avenue, a domed building in Moorish Revival style. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/lodz-alte-szil.webpThe Alte Szil synagogue on Wolborska Street in Łódź in 1930, seen down a narrow street. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/maccabi-lodz-1912.webpMembers and committee of the Maccabi sports society of Łódź in 1912, posed in rows. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/lodz-town-hall.webpThe old town hall of Łódź lit up at night in November 1938. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/ghetto-market.webpA crowded street market in the Łódź ghetto, with people in coats among wooden stalls. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/lodz-ghetto-bridge.webpA wooden footbridge crowded with people, crossing a street outside the Łódź ghetto in 1941. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/ghetto-schoolchildren.webpSchoolchildren of the Łódź ghetto at a formal presentation, seated in a hall before a table of adults. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/ghetto-graduation.webpA graduation ceremony for the gymnasium of the Łódź ghetto: teachers and guests seated around a table. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/lodz-ghetto-workshop.webpJewish workers at sewing machines in a tailoring workshop in the Łódź ghetto, 1941. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/ghetto-soup.webpWomen serving and eating at a public soup kitchen in the Łódź ghetto. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/lodz-ghetto-children.webpChildren gathered on a street in the Łódź ghetto, 1941. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/ghetto-fence.webpTwo women lean across a wire fence to kiss each other goodbye in the Łódź ghetto. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/chelmno-memorial.webpThe large stone memorial at the site of the Chełmno extermination camp, in a forest clearing. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/chelmno-pomnik.webpA long, low memorial wall and fence in a grassy clearing at the Chełmno camp site. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/chelmno-gate.webpThe gate of the Chełmno camp site, with signs and trees behind a fence. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/chelmno-museum.webpSigns at the museum of the former extermination camp in Chełmno nad Nerem. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/odessa-1890s.webpA colour photochrom of a grand public building with columns in Odessa in the 1890s, with a few people in the street. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/pinsker.webpPortrait of Leon Pinsker, a bearded man in a dark coat. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/autoemancipation.webpTitle page of Leon Pinsker's pamphlet Autoemancipation, published in German in 1882. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/ahad-haam.webpAhad Ha'am, the Hebrew essayist Asher Ginsberg, founder of cultural Zionism. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/kattowitz.webpGroup photograph of the delegates to the Kattowitz Conference of Hibbat Zion, November 1884, in formal dress. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/herzl.webpTheodor Herzl, founder of political Zionism, in 1898. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/judenstaat.webpTitle page of the first edition of Der Judenstaat by Theodor Herzl, Leipzig and Vienna, 1896. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/jnf-stamp-1902.webpBlue Jewish National Fund stamp designed by Lilien in 1902, with a Star of David and the Hebrew word Zion. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/jnf-stamp-nordau.webpA 1916 Jewish National Fund stamp with a portrait of Max Nordau framed by Hebrew lettering. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/congress-1897.webpDelegates seated in the hall of the First Zionist Congress in Basel, August 1897. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/basel-participants.webpA sheet of small portraits of the participants of the First Zionist Congress. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/congress-delegates.webpA memorial sheet of oval portraits of the delegates to the First Zionist Congress. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/basel-mountain-jews.webpTheodor Herzl standing between two Mountain Jews from the Caucasus in tall fur hats, 1897. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/basel-protocol.webpThe cover of the official protocol of the Zionist Congress in Basel, 1897. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/basel-casino.webpPostcard of the Stadtcasino building in Basel. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/herzl-balcony.webpTheodor Herzl leaning on the railing of a hotel balcony above the Rhine in Basel, looking out, photographed by E. M. Lilien. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/flag-sketch.webpTheodor Herzl's handwritten sketch for a Zionist flag: a rectangle with small stars at its center, labelled in German "white field, seven gold stars". https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/basel-flag-drafts.webpDrawings comparing Max Bodenheimer's and Herzl's 1897 flag drafts with the final blue-and-white flag. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/congress-flag.webpThe blue-and-white Zionist flag with a Star of David, as used at the Second Zionist Congress in 1898. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/congress-1898.webpThe packed hall at the opening of the Second Zionist Congress in Basel, 1898. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/lilien-1901.webpLilien's postcard for the Fifth Zionist Congress, 1901: on the left an old Jew bound in thorns; an angel lays a hand on his shoulder and points to the right, where a farmer ploughs a field toward the https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/card-1903.webpPostcard from the Sixth Zionist Congress, Basel, 1903, by Emil Ranzenhofer: a farmer leaning on his hoe in a field while an angel gathers sheaves of wheat behind him; Hebrew lettering above and below. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/lilien.webpPortrait photograph of the artist Ephraim Moses Lilien around 1900, with a moustache and a high collar. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/lilien-ornament.webpA long black-and-white book ornament by Lilien with stylized vines and stars. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/judischer-verlag.webpBlack-and-white signet of the Jüdischer Verlag by Lilien, with a Star of David worked into the letters. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/kishinev-lilien.webpLilien's memorial print for the victims of Kishinev: an old man in a prayer shawl, bound above flames, held by an angel. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/kishinev-torah.webpCommunity leaders of Kishinev stand around carts holding Torah scrolls damaged in the pogrom, before their burial. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/kishinev-puck.webpA 1904 American cartoon in colour: the Tsar dragging away a figure while Uncle Sam protests. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/plonsk-ezra.webpMembers of the Poalei Zion group Ezra in Płońsk posed in rows; the young David Grün, later Ben-Gurion, sits in the front. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/ben-gurion.webpDavid Ben-Gurion in 1918 as a private in the Jewish Legion, in British army uniform. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/weizmann.webpChaim Weizmann, chemist and Zionist statesman, photographed in 1949 as the first President of Israel. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/jabotinsky-pinsk.webpZe'ev Jabotinsky at the center of a group in Pinsk, with the young Menachem Begin beside him. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/warsaw-nalewki.webpNalewki Street in Warsaw in August 1939: a Jewish man in a long coat walks past shop entrances. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/warsaw-gitlin.webpEster Gitlin smiles, holding a Hebrew reader, in front of shelves of books in her family's Warsaw bookshop. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/warsaw-tlomackie.webpThe Great Synagogue on Tłomackie Street in Warsaw, a domed building with a columned portico. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/jabotinsky-warsaw.webpZe'ev Jabotinsky seated with leaders of the Betar youth movement in Warsaw; the young Menachem Begin sits at the lower left. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/sokolow.webpNahum Sokolow, Hebrew journalist from Poland and president of the Zionist Organization. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/gruenbaum.webpYitzhak Grünbaum in 1926, leader of the General Zionists in Poland and a member of the Polish parliament. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/jaffa-immigrants.webpA crowd of newly arrived Jewish immigrants in hats and coats in Jaffa, early 1920s. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/telaviv-allenby.webpThe corner of Allenby Street and Nahalat Binyamin in early Tel Aviv: market stalls with awnings and a white tower. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/telaviv-1930s.webpA busy square in Tel Aviv in the 1920s or 1930s, with cars, people and white buildings. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/aliyah-chart.webpA 1930 poster chart of Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel from 1922 to 1930 by country, with Poland's bar the largest. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/bnei-brak.webpBnei Brak in the 1920s: low houses and young trees in sandy ground. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/givat-brenner.webpPioneers of Kibbutz Givat Brenner walking to the fields with their tools in 1937. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/declaration.webpDavid Ben-Gurion reads the Declaration of Independence on 14 May 1948, standing beneath a portrait of Theodor Herzl. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/youth-aliyah-haifa.webpYoung immigrants of the Youth Aliyah, just off the ship at Haifa port in 1934, standing with their luggage. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/haifa-exodus.webpThe battered upper decks of the refugee ship Exodus 1947 in Haifa port, with broken railings and lifeboats. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/haifa-children.webpChildren climb down from the damaged refugee ship Exodus in Haifa port, watched by soldiers. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/exodus.webpThe refugee ship Exodus 1947 at the dock in Haifa, its decks crowded and damaged. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/evian.webpMyron Taylor, the American delegate, addresses the Évian Conference on refugees, with delegates at long tables, July 1938. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/whitepaper.webpYoung Jewish demonstrators crowd Zion Circle in Jerusalem on 18 May 1939, protesting the British White Paper. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/whitepaper-poster.webpA Hebrew wall poster of May 1939 calling Jerusalem's Jews to a general strike and assembly against the White Paper. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/whitepaper-haganah.webpYoung women and men march arm in arm under a flag in a Jerusalem street, protesting the White Paper in 1939. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/exodus-ship.webpThe refugee ship Exodus 1947, crowded with passengers, alongside a quay. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/exodus-coast.webpThe refugee ship Exodus 1947 at sea off the coast, crowded with people on deck. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/hamburg-plaque.webpA bronze memorial plaque in German at the St. Pauli piers in Hamburg, remembering the passengers of the Exodus. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/nordau.webpMax Nordau, physician and writer, Herzl's partner and co-founder of the Zionist Congress. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/ussishkin.webpMenachem Ussishkin in 1924, leader of practical Zionism and head of the Jewish National Fund. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/reines.webpRabbi Yitzchak Yaakov Reines, founder of the religious Zionist Mizrachi movement. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/jabotinsky.webpZe'ev Jabotinsky in the 1930s, leader of Revisionist Zionism. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/thon.webpRabbi Ozjasz (Yehoshua) Thon of Kraków around 1930. https://solomonwinterofozorkow.org/img/h/wolffsohn.webpDavid Wolffsohn, Herzl's successor as president of the Zionist Organization.